Videri - User contributions [en]

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:48:35Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = http://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:The_Imprisonment_of_African_American_Women.png
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated whereas black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women were over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and had persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies, due to the lack of African American women who study criminology and would have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women were more greatly associated with drug use, but were charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parent as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed for physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated looked like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care provided within was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons got what they needed went to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffered from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and little to no treatment was offered for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needed to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within jails and prisons.

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:16:24Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = http://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:The_Imprisonment_of_African_American_Women.png
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated where as black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs use, however are charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that was provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:15:52Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = http://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:The_Imprisonment_of_African_American_Women.png
| image_caption = http://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:The_Imprisonment_of_African_American_Women.png
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated where as black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs use, however are charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that was provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

Twentieth Century United States

2014-11-10T20:14:15Z

Charris106:

==Book Summaries==
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008).
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981).
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004).
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009).
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992).
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012).
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999).
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002).
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983).
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997).
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003).
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008).
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002).
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006).
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001).
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001).
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011).
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004).
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006).
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985).
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie's Daughters]] (2003).
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996).
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999).
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006).
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013).
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974).
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005).
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989).
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000).
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007).
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994).
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007).
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994).
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995).
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002).
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996).
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001).
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008).
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993).
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010).
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002).
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000).
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009).
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983).
* Maggi M. Morehouse. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998).
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002).
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004).
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996).
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012).
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007).
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998).
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001).
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008).
* Peter Henry Rossi & Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971)
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009).
* Bruce Schulman & Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002).
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009).
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012).
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002).
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969).
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988).
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996).
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004).
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009).
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)

Twentieth Century United States

2014-11-10T20:13:54Z

Charris106:

==Book Summaries==
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008).
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981).
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004).
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009).
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992).
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012).
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999).
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002).
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983).
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).
* Catherine Fisher COllins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997).
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003).
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008).
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002).
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006).
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001).
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001).
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011).
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004).
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006).
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985).
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie's Daughters]] (2003).
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996).
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999).
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006).
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013).
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974).
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005).
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989).
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000).
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007).
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994).
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007).
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994).
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995).
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002).
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996).
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001).
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008).
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993).
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010).
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002).
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000).
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009).
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983).
* Maggi M. Morehouse. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998).
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002).
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004).
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996).
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012).
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007).
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998).
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001).
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008).
* Peter Henry Rossi & Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971)
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009).
* Bruce Schulman & Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002).
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009).
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012).
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002).
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969).
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988).
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996).
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004).
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009).
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:11:25Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = http://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:The_Imprisonment_of_African_American_Women.png
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated where as black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs use, however are charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that was provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

File:The Imprisonment of African American Women.png

2014-11-10T20:08:51Z

Charris106:

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:06:25Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image =
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated where as black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs use, however are charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that was provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-11-10T20:05:59Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = 9780786402632_p0_v1_s260x420.jpg‎ (255 × 392 pixels, file size: 11 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins' book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the limited body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners. Religious beliefs became the rule over most prisons as colonial societies developed, which applied to women more harshly. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these courts none of the crimes were applicable to whites many of whom had committed the same crimes. It was not until the Civil War ended that large numbers of blacks were incarcerated. Prisons were not built to house women explicitly until 1825, before women were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white women could be rehabilitated where as black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The bulk of prisons had been built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that the prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statistics showed most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population, according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that were most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs use, however are charged less often. African Americans in general were more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statistics showed African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be those who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed the fact that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experienced abuse from guards once incarcerated. African American women dealt with the threat of lost privileges which only isolated them more. The threat of lost phone privileges, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards, who took advantage of women who already lacked a sense of self-worth.

African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind. A few ended up living with a relative such as a grandmother or aunt. The majority, however, ended up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted, and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles. Some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prisons that have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that was provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last, therefore whatever was left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore, African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at higher rates than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up the book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women and their children such as parenting classes, better efforts from the Justice Departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the Justice Department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-10-27T22:15:50Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = 9780786402632_p0_v1_s260x420.jpg‎ (255 × 392 pixels, file size: 11 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from throughout the many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the scarce body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners and as colonial society developed prison rules became most closely related to the religious beliefs of the settlers and were strictly applied to women. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these court none of the crimes were applicable to whites who many have committed the same crimes. It was not until after the Civil War did large numbers of blacks begin to be incarcerated in larger numbers. Prisons were not specifically built to house women until 1825, before they were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white could be rehabilitated where black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The majority of prisons were built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statics show that most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that are most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs, but they are charged less often. African Americans in general are more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statics showed that African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be women who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experience abuse from guards once incarcerated, with threats of loss of privileges women were even more isolated. The threat of the loss of the phone, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards who took advantage of women who were already lacking a since of self-worth.
African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind, they ended up either living with a relative like a grandmother or aunt. The majority however end up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles, some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prions who have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that is provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last therefore whatever is left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at greater numbers than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women in their children such as parenting classes, better effort from the justice departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the justice department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

File:9780786402632 p0 v1 s260x420.jpg

2014-10-27T22:14:30Z

Charris106:

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-10-27T22:12:26Z

Charris106:

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image =
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from throughout the many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the scarce body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)

Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners and as colonial society developed prison rules became most closely related to the religious beliefs of the settlers and were strictly applied to women. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these court none of the crimes were applicable to whites who many have committed the same crimes. It was not until after the Civil War did large numbers of blacks begin to be incarcerated in larger numbers. Prisons were not specifically built to house women until 1825, before they were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white could be rehabilitated where black women could not, because they lacked the ability.

The majority of prisons were built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that prison population doubled almost overnight.

The most overwhelming statics show that most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.

Collins discussed the types of crimes that are most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs, but they are charged less often. African Americans in general are more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statics showed that African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be women who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experience abuse from guards once incarcerated, with threats of loss of privileges women were even more isolated. The threat of the loss of the phone, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards who took advantage of women who were already lacking a since of self-worth.
African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind, they ended up either living with a relative like a grandmother or aunt. The majority however end up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles, some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prions who have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.

Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that is provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last therefore whatever is left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at greater numbers than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.

Collins wrapped up book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women in their children such as parenting classes, better effort from the justice departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the justice department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

The Imprisonment of African American Women

2014-10-27T22:08:02Z

Charris106: Created page with "{{Infobox book | name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications | image = [[File:REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH THE ..."

{{Infobox book
| name = The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications
| image = [[File:REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH THE BOOKS'S SHORT TITLE.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]
| image_caption =
| author = Catherine Fisher Collins
| translator =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
| pub_date = 1997
| pages = 152
| isbn = 0-7864-0263-6
| oclc =
| congress =
}}

Collins book The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes Conditions and Future Implications pulls together scarce, fragmented, and scattered information from throughout the many social sciences and scientific fields in an attempt to better understand how the criminal justice system has failed this segment of the population. This book also investigates the gaps that exist in the scarce body of literature and statistical data regarding African American female offenders. (1)
Collins starts off with the history of the penal system in the United States. Its origins came from England, but it was not until 1553 when Edward VI named the facilities “houses of corrections.” (4) Many of the American settlers were former prisoners and as colonial society developed prison rules became most closely related to the religious beliefs of the settlers and were strictly applied to women. The first penal institution to be built in the colonies were jails. As slavery became an imperative part of the US south, jails for blacks rarely existed due to the loss of profit for whites if their slaves were incarcerated. “Negro Court” did exist, however plantation owners were judge, jury and in some cases executioner. (6) In these court none of the crimes were applicable to whites who many have committed the same crimes. It was not until after the Civil War did large numbers of blacks begin to be incarcerated in larger numbers. Prisons were not specifically built to house women until 1825, before they were kept in the same facilities as men. Even with these separate facilities black and white women were segregated. The idea behind the segregation was so white women could be reformed. It was believed that white could be rehabilitated where black women could not, because they lacked the ability.
The majority of prisons were built between 1930 and 1966, but it was not until the 1980s when the US government began allocating billions of dollars to increase the number of beds in the penal system. Furthermore, private prison ventures massively increases. The first women’s prison opened in 1927 in Alderson, West Virginia. Women of color steadily increased the prison population, but it was not until the 1980s with the war on drugs that prison population doubled almost overnight.
The most overwhelming statics show that most African American women are over represented in the penal system because of their lack of resources and lower class status in society that began during slavery and has persisted into current day. African American women were undereducated, underemployed, and the primary care taker of children. Once incarcerated they were given fewer resources and last thought about when it came to research and studies due to the lack of African American women criminologist who have a common interest in that population according to Collins. Collins believed that if there were more African American women studying black women’s incarceration more action would be taken on their behalf. Collins also discussed the lack of reports or the incomplete reports that were done by whites as an explanation of African American women’s crimes. Most were done in a time of extreme racism and made statements of high incarceration due to larger skulls and smaller brains. If African American women were not looked at racially they were not looked at in any form.
Collins discussed the types of crimes that are most closely associated with African American women. She showed that African American women tend to most often be associated with drugs, however white women are more greatly associated with drugs, but they are charged less often. African Americans in general are more highly associated with homicide at all ages. Statics showed that African American women who were involved in violent crimes tended to be women who killed a boyfriend, husband, or partner who had physically abused them. Collins also addressed that once African American women were behind bars they were not safe from abuse. Many women experience abuse from guards once incarcerated, with threats of loss of privileges women were even more isolated. The threat of the loss of the phone, mail, and visitations put women at the mercy of guards who took advantage of women who were already lacking a since of self-worth.
African American women who were incarcerated tended to leave behind children who in turn were displaced. Collins portrayed what happened to the children who were left behind, they ended up either living with a relative like a grandmother or aunt. The majority however end up in foster care where they were cut off from their mothers. In some cases the court would forfeit parental rights allowing for children to be adopted and mothers would never see their children again. There were negative effects on the children as well. Children of incarcerated parents were more likely to become incarcerated as juveniles, some kids fell deeply depressed because they experience the loss of that parents as if it were a death. Collins highlighted some prions who have programs that allowed women to mother from the inside. These programs allowed mothers to keep in contact with their children and in some cases even allowed them to have physical contact with their children. There were classes that helped mothers to become better care takes.
Next Collins illustrated what the health of African American women incarcerated was like. Most women who were incarcerated were not in the greatest of health before they entered the penal system and the health care that is provided to women was less than satisfactory. Women’s prisons were funded last therefore whatever is left out of the budget after the men’s prisons get what they need goes to women’s prisons. This tended to leave women’s health needs overlooked. Women have health needs that men do not and in a male dominated area women’s needs are often disregarded. There were far fewer substance abuse programs offered to incarcerated women. Furthermore African American and Hispanic women suffer from AIDS at greater numbers than any other group and there was little to no treatment for their illness.
Collins wrapped up book by making a list of recommendations to better accommodate African American women. She recommended there be meaningful and transferable skills and training for prisoners. The justice systems needs to work harder on rehabilitating its inmates rather than creating harder and better criminals. Collins also believed it would be more humane for women affected with AIDS to be placed on house arrest rather than making them suffer behind bars with little to no medical treatment. Collins made several recommendations about women in their children such as parenting classes, better effort from the justice departments to keep mothers close to their children, and allow women who have small children to be on house arrest. Finally Collins believed that there needed to be a much greater effort made by the justice department to higher African American women and men within the jails and prisons.

Twentieth Century United States

2014-10-27T22:03:22Z

Charris106: /* Book Summaries */

==Book Summaries==
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).
* Alex Cummings. [[Here's How to Make a New Page: The Revenge, 1955-1957|Here's How to Make a New Page]] (2013).
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008).
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981).
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004).
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009).
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992).
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012).
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999).
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002).
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983).
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).
* Caitlin Harris. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997).
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003).
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008).
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002).
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006).
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001).
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001).
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011).
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004).
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006).
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985).
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996).
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999).
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006).
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013).
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974).
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005).
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989).
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000).
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007).
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994).
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007).
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994).
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995).
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002).
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996).
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001).
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008).
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993).
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010).
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002).
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