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America's Forgotten Pandemic

2018-02-20T02:00:48Z

Francesnoon:

{{Infobox book
| name = America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
| image = [[File:crosby_cover.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]
| image_caption =
| author = Alfred W. Crosby
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| pages = 356
| isbn = 978-0521541756
}}

At the time of this posting, the United States is in the mists of another flu epidemic, which has claimed many lives, including the children and elderly. However, while the country has dealt with flus on an annual level, none have had as much of an impact as the “Spanish Influenza” of 1918. According to Author Alfred W. Crosby, the Influenza strain of 1918 “killed as many servicemen as died in battle” and killed ten times as many U.S. citizens (Chapter 1). By reading this study, one can better understand how the Spanish Influenza spread, and the impact it had on American life.

Part One “introduces” the reader to the Spanish Influenza, and how it came to be. At the time of the Influenza’s origins, several countries, including the United States, were involved in the Great War, and doctors were being called upon to examine the health of U.S. troops headed to Europe. One notable Doctor, William Henry Welch, worked to “troubleshoot” sanitary conditions of military camps. During this time, it was noted that the health of the army was “as good as any reasonable doctor could expect” (Chapter One). However, this was short-lived, as the first word of Spanish Influenza started to hit the camps, starting at Camp Devens, just west of Boston. Soon, one soldier complaining of flu-like symptoms became dozens being sent to the hospital with Influenza. Although it’s common for the flu to spread, the Influenza strain of 1918 was explosive; by September 23rd, more than 12,000 cases of Spanish Influenza had been reported in Camp Devens (Chapter one). This was also a deadly strain; within a month, 66 men had died as a result. As the hospital on base was short-staffed, both the medical staff and the morgue were overwhelmed with all the cases.

The Second part of the book discusses the Spanish Influenza and the “first wave”. Not many Americans were initially concerned with the Spanish Influenza; much of the American consciousness was focused on war efforts, and it was looking uncertain as to who would “win” the war (Chapter 2). Also, there were unclear ways that the flu could be diagnosed; for example, the Denver Post informed readers on how to “tell the difference” between the cold and the flu, so that doctors could avoid “unneeded house calls” (Chapter 2). It would be later discussed in the book that bacteriological tests were also unable to determine which strain caused the flu. The third reason why the United States was so unprepared for the pandemic was because unlike today, there was not much communication regarding public health between the various government levels and agencies. What made this flu and the pneumonia more difficult to manage was that unlike other strains that kill those at the extremes of life (the very young and old), these strains were killing soldiers in their prime (Chapter two). These factors, including the fact that over one million Americans were headed to Europe helped to spread Influenza, overwhelming doctors when ships from Europe were headed into Boston with hundreds of cases on board (Chapter 2).

While the second part of the book focuses on the first wave, Part 3 of the book focuses on the second and third waves. Despite the ongoing war efforts, as well as the rise of tensions with those of German heritage, Boston and Massachusetts slowly began to take measures against the pandemic. However, by that time the disease spread as far south as Louisiana and as far west as San Francisco. In August, 2,800 Americans died of flu and pneumonia, and the number spiked to over 12,000 in September (Chapter 4). As the author notes, there were several reasons why the flu had spread. Firstly, although more than 1500 nurses volunteered in the effort, it still wasn’t enough to manage the outbreak. Secondly, there was a lack of funds from both the Red Cross and the government, as most of the resources were being used in the war effort. Because of the government running out of money to fund their war effort, a fourth bond drive was offered, with massive rallies held to raise money. Not only did this raise funds, but it helped to spread Influenza even faster.

As Crosby notes, although this was a pandemic that affected every part of the country, it was hardest felt in its cities. In chapter 5, the author examines the different factors for the spread of the flu, including language barriers between immigrant groups and medical staff. For Philadelphia, the Spanish Influenza overwhelmed every sector of city life, from the police force (in which almost 500 officers didn’t show up for work) to the only morgue in the city, which was filled beyond normal capacity. Schools were shut down, and teachers volunteered to help in the effort, as did every other social and religious organization in the city (Chapter 6). Meanwhile in San Francisco, they were slightly better prepared, for they saw ahead of time the damage the Spanish Influenza was doing in eastern cities. Schools, churches, theaters, and other public spaces were shut down, while the city was being divided up into “districts” to manage the flow of doctors and nurses into local hospital spaces (Chapter 7). Although many social services were being shut down, overall death rates were much lower than in Philadelphia. Although there was a vaccine introduced, the author credits the distribution of masks as more effective in stopping the spread of the flu (Chapter 7).

Chapter 8 focuses on the impact of Influenza on ships headed to Europe; it is indicated that as much as 40% of the US Navy had influenza in 1918 (Chapter 8). As a result, more navy personnel were killed by the flu than were killed by German Warships. Crosby describes one fateful tale of the Leviathan, a ship that left New Jersey for France in September 1918; over 2,000 individuals, including Assistant Secretary to the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Prince Axel of Denmark. Within days, the ship was overwhelmed by the increasing number of cases and lack of space to segregate between the healthy and sick. By the time the ship reached France, over 70 individuals had died, but many more fell ill and died shortly after landing. In total, more than 4,000 doughboys died from the flu while on transit to Europe (Chapter 8). While President Wilson was in France for the Paris Peace Conference, the Spanish Influenza was still raging. Crosby notes that in the midterm election resulted in a Republican victory, but this may have less to do with the Spanish flu than the growing unpopularity of President Wilson, especially after he attacked a Republican senate candidate from New Mexico (who was grieving over the deaths of two of his children from the flu). The attack backfired, as many was sympathetic to Fall, and after his win, he became one of the “Irreconcilables” who would oppose Wilson no matter what (Chapter 10). Wilson would later get the flu, and seemed to not fully recover; some who were around him during this time thought this weakness led to his eventual stroke.

The fourth part of the book discusses the “measurements, research, conclusions, and confusions” of the book. He notes that it’s not necessarily easy to determine exactly how many total cases (and deaths) there were from the strain that caused the 1918 outbreak, because there were many flu cases that were misdiagnosed as other diseases. However, the best estimate is that 479,000 Americans, both civilian and military, died of the flu in 1918. About 80% of Americans who died in the war died of Influenza (Chapter 11). There is also an examination of common ideas surrounding the flu at the time; many had blamed it on the Germans, and others thought that the use of gases in the war poisoned the world. There have been several scientific hypotheses about what caused the 1918 strain to be so deadly, including the fact that it may have mutated so that not many humans could’ve been immune to the spread. Chapter 12 focuses on why certain groups, such as immigrants and African-Americans, had different death rates; this is largely attributed to living and working conditions that these groups faced. The group that was hardest hit were Samoans, who lost up to 20% of the total population of one of their islands (Chapter 12). Chapter 13 focuses on the early research on the flu, but notes how this early research couldn’t answer all the questions about its severity or its numerous waves. Finally, chapter 14 discusses what became of the Flu of 1918; however, despite using animal blood and frozen victims of the flu, research could not “find and revive” the Spanish Flu.

Finally, the afterword discusses human memory and the impact the Spanish Influenza had on American life. Because of the more than 400,000 deaths, citizens began calling for more public health research as well as stronger organizations that could more effectively help in the crisis. However, Crosby notes that shortly after, the influenza slipped from human memory, being replaced with local and political news of the day (Chapter 15). However, it has been the subject of some literature, such as the story “Pale Horse, Pale Rider” by Katherine Anne Porter, who not only got sick from the flu, but lost a sweetheart to it as well.

This book effectively examines one of history’s most infamous outbreaks. Throughout the book, several graphs detailing deaths from Influenza in the U.S. and Europe also help to show just how devastating the outbreak is. There is also context and comparison to more contemporary outbreaks; the Preface to the new edition talks about the “newest fright” (at the time, it was SARS) which was showing more of the same symptoms as Influenza, but the difference now being that there are more tools to fight SARS, such as antibiotics and strong international organizations, such as the CDC and WHO (Preface).

[[Categories: Twentieth Century United States]]

America's Forgotten Pandemic

2018-02-20T01:58:12Z

Francesnoon: Created page with "{{Infobox book | name = America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 | image = alt=Cover | image_caption = | auth..."

Twentieth Century United States

2018-02-19T15:35:45Z

Francesnoon: /* Book Summaries */

==Book Summaries==
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008).
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981).
* Michael Aronson. [[Nickelodeon City|Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929]] (2008).
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004).
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009).
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992).
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012).
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999).
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002).
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983).
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).
* William Fitzhugh Brundage. [[The Southern Past|The Southern Past: a Clash of Race and Memory]] (2005).
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997).
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)
* Shawn Clements. [[Deaf in America|Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture]](1988).
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003).
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008).
* Stephanie Coontz. [[The Way We Never Were|The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap]] (1992).
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002).
* Alfred W. Crosby. [[America's Forgotten Pandemic|America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918]] (2003).
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006).
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001).
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001).
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011).
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004).
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006).
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985).
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie's Daughters]] (2003).
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996).
* Marcie Ferris and Mark Greenberg. [[Jewish Roots in Southern Soil|Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History]] (2006).
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).
* Christina Greene. [[Our Separate Ways|Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham, North Carolina]] (2005).
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999).
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006).
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013).
* Andrew Hartman. [[A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars]] (2015)
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974).
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005).
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989).
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).
* John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. [[Lots of Parking|Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture]] (2004).
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000).
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007).
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994).
* Sharon Foster Jones. [[Atlanta's Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History]] (2012)
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).
* Lucy Kaylin. [[For the Love of God | For the Love of God: The Faith and Future of the American Nun]] (2000)
*Kempton, Willet [[Environmental Values in American Culture]] (1999)
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007).
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).
* Tim Lawrence. [[Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-1983|Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-83]] (2016).
*Gary L. Lehring. [[Officially Gay|The Political Construction of Sexuality by the U. S. Military]] (2003).
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994).
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995).
* Fredrik Logevall. [[Choosing War|Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam]] (1999).
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002).
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996).
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001).
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008).
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993).
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010).
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002).
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000).
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009).
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983).
* Maggi M. Morehouse. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998).
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002).
* Anthony M. Petro. [[After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion]] (2015).
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004).
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996).
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).
* Patrick Phillips. [[Blood at the Root|Blood at the Root: Racial Cleansing in America]] (2016).
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012).
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007).
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998).
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).
* David Roediger. [[Working Toward Whiteness|Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs]] (2005)
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001).
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008).
* Jake Rosenfeld. [[What Unions No Longer Do]] (2014).
* Peter Henry Rossi & Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971)
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009).
* Bruce Schulman & Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002).
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009).
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012).
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002).
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969)
* Dawn Spring. [[Advertising in the Age of Persuasion|Advertising in the Age of Persuasion: Building Brand America, 1941-1961]] (2011)
* Ann Laura Stoler. [[Haunted by Empire|Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History]] (2006).
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988).
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996).
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004).
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009).
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).
*Yellin, Emily [[Our Mothers' War]] (2004).
*Young B. Marilyn. [[The Vietnam Wars|The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990]] (1991).
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)

America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918

2018-02-19T15:04:47Z

Francesnoon:

America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918

2018-02-18T23:47:20Z

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[[File:Crosby cover.jpg]]

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2018-02-18T23:46:46Z

Francesnoon: Francesnoon uploaded a new version of File:Crosby cover.jpg

Book Cover

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Book Cover