https://www.videri.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LeahburnhamVideri - User contributions [en]2026-04-04T21:45:31ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.1https://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3341Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:48:40Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion and oppression. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier housing policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many immigrant workers participated in multiracial unions during the Great Depression in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism. The author writes that, "the New Deal brought new immigrants more fully into the hopelessly intertwined traditions of exclusion-based white nationalism and inclusive efforts at reform" but "the rewards were greater and more consistent for appealing to the former tradition." (234) <br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness into one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3340Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:47:22Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion and oppression. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier housing policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many immigrant workers participated in multiracial unions during the Great Depression in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism. The author writes that, "the New Deal brought new immigrants more fully into the hopelessly intertwined traditions of exclusion-based white nationalism and inclusive efforts at reform" but "the rewards were greater and more consistent for appealing to the former tradition." (234) <br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness to one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3338Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:38:06Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion and oppression. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier housing policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many ethnic workers participated in multiracial reform groups in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism.<br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness to one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3337Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:34:28Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion and oppression. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier house policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many ethnic workers participated in multiracial reform groups in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism.<br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness to one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3336Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:33:30Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier house policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many ethnic workers participated in multiracial reform groups in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism.<br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness to one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3334Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T01:27:07Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}<br />
David Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' explains how racial boundaries shifted during the first half of the twentieth century, allowing new immigrants to become full American citizens. While ''The Wages of Whiteness'' explores how the white working class constructed an identity based on whiteness during the nineteenth century, Roediger’s second book on whiteness moves forward to what Roediger calls the "long twentieth century," the period from 1890 to 1945, to explain how new immigrants came to be accepted as white. Unlike Northern and Western Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans were viewed by many Americans as unassimilable, incapable of becoming American citizens, but Roediger displays that this perception was altered by the middle of the of the twentieth century. Though Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival to the United States, they eventually moved toward whiteness, as they negotiated racial and cultural identities. <br />
<br />
The author acknowledges Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', which examines how various European groups became Caucasian during the first half of the twentieth century, writing that Jacobson “makes a bold move in necessary directions,” but criticizes Jacobson’s reliance on legal and intellectual history, arguing that he fails to explain how new immigrants experienced racial transformation in their daily lives. (8) Roediger aims to emphasize social history in order to display how law, ideology, and culture affected immigrants on a personal level. The author utilizes a large variety of primary sources, including demographic data, primary accounts, films, novels, and songs, to illuminate the plight of new immigrants and the transition from "inbetweenness" to "whiteness."<br />
<br />
Roediger divides the book into three parts, the first examining race in immigrant history. Much like ''The Wages of Whiteness'', ''Working Toward Whiteness'' includes linguistic analysis, examining the popular language of the time period. Roediger argues that Southern and Eastern European immigrants should be viewed through the lens of race rather than ethnicity, as the popular language of the time did not include the word “ethnicity;” Americans would have categorized the new arrivals based on race rather than ethnicity. The author claims that using the common terms of the time period allows for a more accurate understanding of historical events and that the use of modern terms to explain the past can lead to misinterpretation. Roediger reveals the messy nature of racial order, writing that Americans of the early twentieth century viewed race as “biological and cultural, inherited and acquired.” (35) Southern and Eastern Europeans were referred to as “guineas,” “greasers,” and “hunkies,” illustrating the racialization of new immigrants. <br />
<br />
The second portion of the book explores the “inbetweenness” that new immigrants experienced, as they existed in between non-white and fully white. He adopts the term “inbetween peoples” from Robert Orsi and John Higham, as he prefers this term over other terms such as “not-yet-white” or “not quite white,” because it illustrates racial divisions between white races, not just the division between black and white. Southern and Eastern Europeans were not considered white upon arrival, but they were perceived as separate from blacks, and other non-whites, and had the ability to move toward whiteness with time. He does not equate the discrimination that they faced with that experienced by African Americans and other non-white groups, carefully explaining that non-white groups bore the brunt of racial exclusion. <br />
<br />
The pendulum of race for new immigrants constantly swung back and forth between white and non-white, between inclusion and exclusion. New immigrants were often compared to African Americans and forced to compete with African Americans for jobs, as management realized competition could keep wages low and prevent worker unity. Roediger suggests that race also determined job placement, with jobs deemed degrading, reserved for non-whites or foreigners. Unions were reluctant to accept new immigrant workers, and when they did accept the new immigrants, they did so on a trial basis. Unions taught the new immigrants Americanism, but these organizations also taught the new immigrants whiteness. Roediger suggests that new immigrants were racially conscious, realizing that their status of “inbetweenness” allowed them to preserve their separate national identities, but ultimately the benefits of whiteness drew them towards assimilation. Some new immigrants sympathized with African Americans and even challenged the oppression of blacks, but most embraced whiteness, at the expense of African Americans and other non-whites. Roediger makes generalizations about Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to construct a broad narrative, but he also includes examples of divergent behavior, which displays the complexity of immigrant history, and racial history as well.<br />
<br />
The last portion of the work explores generational divides between first and second generation immigrants and the movement of immigrant groups into the “white house.” He claims that it is impossible to pinpoint the moment that immigrants were accepted as white or one event that led to this “whitening,” instead proposing historians examine processes, patterns, and turning points. One such turning point was the Immigration Act of 1924, as it lumped Southern and Eastern Europeans into the white racial category, but Roediger argues that the act only made them “conditionally white” and ranked them as less desirable than Northern and Western Europeans. He suggests that new immigrant home ownership represented more than a progression toward economic success, but also a progression toward whiteness. Immigrants bought into the American dream, which was predicated on the exclusion of blacks; ethnic groups were taught to protect their homes and neighborhoods from non-whites through restrictive covenants. Roosevelt’s New Deal pushed immigrants further toward whiteness, welfare programs generating bitterness towards African Americans and housing subsidies disproportionately benefiting those considered white. Roediger writes that the New Deal executed a two-tier house policy, providing public housing for low-income workers and government support for private housing, which “deliberately benefited white home owners and white prospective buyers.” (225) Many ethnic workers participated in multiracial reform groups in order to obtain better wages and working conditions, but still supported white nationalism.<br />
<br />
The author builds on his previous work, and whiteness studies by other historians, explaining how Southern and Eastern Europeans moved toward whiteness. Roediger’s work contributes to the histories of race and immigration by displaying that race and immigration are inextricable. He also illustrates the malleable nature of race and the transformation of immigrant identities. While Matthew Jacobson’s ''Whiteness of a Different Color'' traces legal and intellectual shifts in racial history, which transformed a broad color spectrum of whiteness to one category called Caucasian, Roediger’s ''Working Toward Whiteness'' expands upon this narrative by tracing cultural and social shifts which “whitened” Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Roediger, too, incorporates some legal and intellectual history, but he emphasizes personal encounters with race, displaying how new immigrants experienced racial boundaries and how they navigated their way toward “whiteness.” <br />
<br />
Ultimately, many immigrant groups sacrificed their cultural identities in order to be perceived as white. They passed up opportunities of racial cooperation with blacks and instead adopted racial oppression of African Americans, in order to move into the "white house" and obtain full citizenship. Roediger’s story is a disappointing one, but it does display that race is a social and historical construction, capable of changing, which provides hope for the future. Social constructions can be built and reinforced, but they can also be torn down.</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=File:Working_Toward_Whiteness.jpg&diff=3332File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg2017-10-05T00:33:55Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Working_Toward_Whiteness&diff=3331Working Toward Whiteness2017-10-05T00:32:14Z<p>Leahburnham: Created page with "{{Infobox book | name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs | image = Fi..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs<br />
| image = [[File:Working Toward Whiteness.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]]<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| author = David R. Roediger<br />
| translator = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| series = <br />
| publisher = Basic Books<br />
| pub_date = 2005<br />
| pages = 339<br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| congress = <br />
}}</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Twentieth_Century_United_States&diff=3328Twentieth Century United States2017-10-05T00:24:33Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Book Summaries==<br />
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).<br />
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008). <br />
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981). <br />
* Michael Aronson. [[Nickelodeon City|Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929]] (2008).<br />
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004). <br />
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009). <br />
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992). <br />
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).<br />
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012). <br />
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999). <br />
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002). <br />
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983). <br />
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).<br />
* William Fitzhugh Brundage. [[The Southern Past|The Southern Past: a Clash of Race and Memory]] (2005). <br />
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997). <br />
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)<br />
* Shawn Clements. [[Deaf in America|Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture]](1988).<br />
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)<br />
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003). <br />
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008). <br />
* Stephanie Coontz. [[The Way We Never Were|The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap]] (1992).<br />
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002). <br />
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)<br />
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006). <br />
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001). <br />
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001). <br />
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011). <br />
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004). <br />
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006). <br />
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985). <br />
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie's Daughters]] (2003).<br />
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996). <br />
* Marcie Ferris and Mark Greenberg. [[Jewish Roots in Southern Soil|Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History]] (2006). <br />
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).<br />
* Christina Greene. [[Our Separate Ways|Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham, North Carolina]] (2005). <br />
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999). <br />
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006). <br />
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).<br />
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013). <br />
* Andrew Hartman. [[A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars]] (2015)<br />
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974). <br />
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005). <br />
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989). <br />
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).<br />
* John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. [[Lots of Parking|Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture]] (2004). <br />
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)<br />
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000). <br />
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007). <br />
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994). <br />
* Sharon Foster Jones. [[Atlanta's Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History]] (2012)<br />
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).<br />
* Lucy Kaylin. [[For the Love of God | For the Love of God: The Faith and Future of the American Nun]] (2000)<br />
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).<br />
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)<br />
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007). <br />
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).<br />
* Tim Lawrence. [[Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-1983|Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-83]] (2016).<br />
*Gary L. Lehring. [[Officially Gay|The Political Construction of Sexuality by the U. S. Military]] (2003).<br />
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994). <br />
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995). <br />
* Fredrik Logevall. [[Choosing War|Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam]] (1999). <br />
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002). <br />
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996). <br />
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).<br />
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001). <br />
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008). <br />
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).<br />
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993). <br />
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010). <br />
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).<br />
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002). <br />
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000). <br />
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009). <br />
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983). <br />
* Maggi M. Morehouse. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).<br />
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)<br />
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).<br />
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).<br />
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998). <br />
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002). <br />
* Anthony M. Petro. [[After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion]] (2015).<br />
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004). <br />
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996). <br />
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).<br />
* Patrick Phillips. [[Blood at the Root|Blood at the Root: Racial Cleansing in America]] (2016).<br />
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012). <br />
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).<br />
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).<br />
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007). <br />
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998). <br />
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).<br />
* David Roediger. [[Working Toward Whiteness|Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs]] (2005)<br />
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001). <br />
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008). <br />
* Jake Rosenfeld. [[What Unions No Longer Do]] (2014). <br />
* Peter Henry Rossi & Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).<br />
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).<br />
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971) <br />
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).<br />
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009). <br />
* Bruce Schulman & Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002). <br />
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).<br />
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)<br />
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009). <br />
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012). <br />
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).<br />
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002). <br />
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969)<br />
* Dawn Spring. [[Advertising in the Age of Persuasion|Advertising in the Age of Persuasion: Building Brand America, 1941-1961]] (2011)<br />
* Ann Laura Stoler. [[Haunted by Empire|Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History]] (2006). <br />
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988). <br />
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996). <br />
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).<br />
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).<br />
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)<br />
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004). <br />
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009).<br />
*Kayla R. Wirtz [[Environmental Values in American Culture]] (1999) <br />
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).<br />
*Young B. Marilyn. [[The Vietnam Wars|The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990]] (1991).<br />
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).<br />
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)</div>Leahburnhamhttps://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Twentieth_Century_United_States&diff=3327Twentieth Century United States2017-10-05T00:23:47Z<p>Leahburnham: </p>
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<div>==Book Summaries==<br />
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).<br />
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008). <br />
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981). <br />
* Michael Aronson. [[Nickelodeon City|Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929]] (2008).<br />
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004). <br />
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009). <br />
* Beth Bailey & David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992). <br />
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).<br />
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012). <br />
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999). <br />
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002). <br />
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression]] (1983). <br />
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).<br />
* William Fitzhugh Brundage. [[The Southern Past|The Southern Past: a Clash of Race and Memory]] (2005). <br />
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997). <br />
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)<br />
* Shawn Clements. [[Deaf in America|Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture]](1988).<br />
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)<br />
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003). <br />
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008). <br />
* Stephanie Coontz. [[The Way We Never Were|The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap]] (1992).<br />
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002). <br />
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)<br />
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006). <br />
* Mike Davis & Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001). <br />
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001). <br />
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011). <br />
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004). <br />
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006). <br />
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985). <br />
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie's Daughters]] (2003).<br />
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996). <br />
* Marcie Ferris and Mark Greenberg. [[Jewish Roots in Southern Soil|Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History]] (2006). <br />
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993).<br />
* Christina Greene. [[Our Separate Ways|Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham, North Carolina]] (2005). <br />
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999). <br />
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006). <br />
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).<br />
* Tona J. Hangen. [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]] (2013). <br />
* Andrew Hartman. [[A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars]] (2015)<br />
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974). <br />
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005). <br />
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989). <br />
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).<br />
* John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. [[Lots of Parking|Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture]] (2004). <br />
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)<br />
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)& Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000). <br />
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007). <br />
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994). <br />
* Sharon Foster Jones. [[Atlanta's Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History]] (2012)<br />
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).<br />
* Lucy Kaylin. [[For the Love of God | For the Love of God: The Faith and Future of the American Nun]] (2000)<br />
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).<br />
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)<br />
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007). <br />
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).<br />
* Tim Lawrence. [[Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-1983|Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor 1980-83]] (2016).<br />
*Gary L. Lehring. [[Officially Gay|The Political Construction of Sexuality by the U. S. Military]] (2003).<br />
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994). <br />
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995). <br />
* Fredrik Logevall. [[Choosing War|Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam]] (1999). <br />
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002). <br />
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996). <br />
* Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).<br />
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001). <br />
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008). <br />
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).<br />
* Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993). <br />
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010). <br />
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).<br />
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002). <br />
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000). <br />
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009). <br />
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983). <br />
* Maggi M. Morehouse. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).<br />
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)<br />
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).<br />
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).<br />
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998). <br />
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002). <br />
* Anthony M. Petro. [[After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion]] (2015).<br />
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004). <br />
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996). <br />
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).<br />
* Patrick Phillips. [[Blood at the Root|Blood at the Root: Racial Cleansing in America]] (2016).<br />
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012). <br />
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).<br />
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).<br />
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007). <br />
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998). <br />
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).<br />
* David Roediger. [[Working Toward Whiteness|Working Toward Whiteness:How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs]] (2005)<br />
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001). <br />
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008). <br />
* Jake Rosenfeld. [[What Unions No Longer Do]] (2014). <br />
* Peter Henry Rossi & Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).<br />
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).<br />
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971) <br />
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).<br />
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009). <br />
* Bruce Schulman & Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002). <br />
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).<br />
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)<br />
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009). <br />
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012). <br />
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).<br />
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002). <br />
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969)<br />
* Dawn Spring. [[Advertising in the Age of Persuasion|Advertising in the Age of Persuasion: Building Brand America, 1941-1961]] (2011)<br />
* Ann Laura Stoler. [[Haunted by Empire|Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History]] (2006). <br />
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988). <br />
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996). <br />
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).<br />
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).<br />
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)<br />
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004). <br />
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009).<br />
*Kayla R. Wirtz [[Environmental Values in American Culture]] (1999) <br />
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).<br />
*Young B. Marilyn. [[The Vietnam Wars|The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990]] (1991).<br />
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).<br />
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)</div>Leahburnham