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		<updated>2026-04-10T20:00:17Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Twentieth_Century_United_States&amp;diff=2050</id>
		<title>Twentieth Century United States</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Twentieth_Century_United_States&amp;diff=2050"/>
				<updated>2016-02-15T04:34:43Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Smphoenix13: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Book Summaries==&lt;br /&gt;
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael Aronson. [[Nickelodeon City|Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929]] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey &amp;amp; David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, &amp;amp; the Great Depression]] (1983). &lt;br /&gt;
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).&lt;br /&gt;
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)&lt;br /&gt;
* Shawn Clements. [[Deaf in America|Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture]](1988).&lt;br /&gt;
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)&lt;br /&gt;
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003). &lt;br /&gt;
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)&lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Davis &amp;amp; Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985). &lt;br /&gt;
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie&amp;#039;s Daughters]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Marcie Ferris and Mark Greenberg. [[Jewish Roots in Southern Soil|Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Tona J. Hangen.  [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]]  (2013). &lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew Hartman. [[A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars]] (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974). &lt;br /&gt;
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005). &lt;br /&gt;
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).&lt;br /&gt;
* John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. [[Lots of Parking|Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)&amp;amp; Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994). &lt;br /&gt;
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).&lt;br /&gt;
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).&lt;br /&gt;
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
*Gary L. Lehring. [[Officially Gay|The Political Construction of Sexuality by the U. S. Military]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995). &lt;br /&gt;
* Fredrik Logevall. [[Choosing War|Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert S. Lynd &amp;amp; Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).&lt;br /&gt;
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Douglas Massey &amp;amp; Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993). &lt;br /&gt;
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010). &lt;br /&gt;
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).&lt;br /&gt;
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000). &lt;br /&gt;
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983). &lt;br /&gt;
* Maggi M. Morehouse.  [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).&lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).&lt;br /&gt;
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998). &lt;br /&gt;
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Anthony M. Petro.  [[After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion]] (2015).&lt;br /&gt;
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).&lt;br /&gt;
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).&lt;br /&gt;
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998). &lt;br /&gt;
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).&lt;br /&gt;
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Jake Rosenfeld. [[What Unions No Longer Do]] (2014). &lt;br /&gt;
* Peter Henry Rossi &amp;amp; Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).&lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971)  &lt;br /&gt;
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).&lt;br /&gt;
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Bruce Schulman &amp;amp; Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).&lt;br /&gt;
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America&amp;#039;s Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)&lt;br /&gt;
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969). &lt;br /&gt;
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988). &lt;br /&gt;
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).&lt;br /&gt;
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).&lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)&lt;br /&gt;
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).&lt;br /&gt;
*Young B. Marilyn. [[The Vietnam Wars|The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990]] (1991).&lt;br /&gt;
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).&lt;br /&gt;
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Smphoenix13</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Deaf_in_America&amp;diff=2049</id>
		<title>Deaf in America</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.videri.org/index.php?title=Deaf_in_America&amp;diff=2049"/>
				<updated>2016-02-15T04:33:23Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Smphoenix13: Created page with &amp;quot;{{Infobox book | name           = Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture | image          =alt=Cover | image_caption  = | author         = Ca...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox book&lt;br /&gt;
| name           = Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture&lt;br /&gt;
| image          =[[File:deafinamerica.jpeg|200px|alt=Cover]]&lt;br /&gt;
| image_caption  =&lt;br /&gt;
| author         = Carol Padden and Tom Humphries&lt;br /&gt;
| translator     =&lt;br /&gt;
| country        = United States&lt;br /&gt;
| language       = English&lt;br /&gt;
| series         =&lt;br /&gt;
| publisher      = President and Fellows of Harvard College&lt;br /&gt;
| pub_date       = 1988&lt;br /&gt;
| pages          = 129&lt;br /&gt;
| isbn           = 0-674-19424-1&lt;br /&gt;
| oclc           = 56596773&lt;br /&gt;
| congress       =&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For most hearing Americans, Deaf culture is an exclusive concept without much history or true community behind it, but Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture uses oral histories, plays, and explorations of the authors to describe various aspects of Deaf culture. Often times, information on Deaf culture is based only in history. The history surrounds around the creation of American Sign Language and Gallaudet, but this book focuses on current culture, mainly in America, while using other countries to contrast cultures. Published in 1988, Deaf in America is dated, but uses information that still pertains to American Deaf culture today.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Each chapter of Deaf in America focuses on a different important factors of Deaf culture. Chapter one is titled “Learning to be Deaf.” “Learning to be Deaf” emphasizes what it means to be deaf, in terms of medical deafness and towards the end of the chapter what it means to be culturally Deaf, as in the first time that people “learn” that they are deaf. The authors focus on three different types of people in the Deaf community to describe the learning process; Deaf children, who have Deaf parents, Deaf children who have hearing parents, and hearing children who have Deaf parents (CODAs). The distinctions are made by stories told of the first time people realized their hearing situation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next chapter, “Images of Being,” uses histories from not only America, but also France. The authors describe their experiences in France where every Deaf person they met told them the story of Abbe de l’Epee, the man credited for teaching language to deaf people of France. While it is not a historical fact, that he created language he did help to create a community for deaf people in France. The story is a reminder of [http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-layout/clerc-laurent2.htm] Laurent Clerc who came from France to help [http://www.gallaudet.edu/dpn-home/thomas-hopkins-gallaudet.html] Thomas Gallaudet create the first Deaf school in America. Gallaudet is given the title of the American to create Sign Language. “Images of Being” also tells the story of the importance of Deaf community as a whole. This section uses many folklores throughout to give various examples of how these stories influence thought and protest within the Deaf community. An example of this is on page 31, by J. J. Flournoy, who writes that “We are not beasts, for all out deafness! We are MEN! The era of De l’Epee has been the epocha of our birth mind.”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter three expands on the concept of different ways of being deaf, titled “A Different Center,” this section focuses on the identities within Deaf culture and what they mean to each person. It is a dense chapter that looks at many aspects of Deaf identity and how they influence a d/Deaf person ([http://deafness.about.com/cs/culturefeatures1/a/bigdorsmalld.htm] for more information on Big D deaf versus little d deaf).  An example of this that would confuse an onlooker would be the concept to “VERY-HARD-OF-HEARING” and “A-LITTLE-HARD-OF-HEARING” (capitalization is used to describe ASL and not English). These phrases mean the opposite of what a hearing person would assume. “A-LITTLE-HARD-OF-HEARING” means that person could only hear a little and not well enough to use a phone, usually this person would use ASL and likely a hearing aid in their everyday life, while a person who is “VERY-HARD-OF-HEARING” likely fit in more with hearing culture. The base of Deaf culture identity was based on how a person fit into hearing culture, although the authors had been leading to this concept throughout the earlier chapters. Another identifier that is often used against the Deaf community is “disabled.” The authors use a story of a friend who does not like that he uses the disabled discount on the subway, but does anyways because it is a discount. The authors then take on the nine categories of Deaf people used to by Leo Jacobs in 1974. These categories are the average deaf adult, prelingually deaf adults who come from deaf families, educated deaf adults, products of oral programs, products of public schools, deafened adults and hard-of-hearing adults (p. 47). This chapter is broken into two sections, the second section focuses on the concepts of hard-of-hearing and the sign for “ORAL.”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter four, titled “Living in Others’ World,” focuses on the change of sign language in America. Examples are used from plays and a documentary to show how older Deaf people see the “new” ASL and how speech therapy and the teaching and emphasizes on English in Deaf schools and Hearing schools has changed the way that sign language is used. Although since the writing of this book there has been a new emphasizes on ASL not being incorporated with English and finger spelling. An example of this new change is the changing sign for “PIZZA.” Once “PIZZA” was signed by making the letter “P” and making a “Z” in the air. Now the sign used is to finger spell “P-I” then with the forefinger and middle finger making a “Z” and signing “A.” ([http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-signs/p/pizza.htm] More information on the sign for &amp;quot;PIZZA&amp;quot; is located at lifeprint).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter five is titled “A Changing Consciousness.” It tells stories of how Deaf culture has changed and taken ownership of their language. The book uses plays and poems to show the beauty of sign language and how different signs are similar. This chapter is lighter and filled with what people consider the poetry of ASL including the long lasting legacy of the “one, two, one-two-three” cheer, which is still used at Gallaudet University.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter six is titled “The Meaning of Sound.” This chapter brings to life how sound is used in the Deaf culture. This chapter retells some of the stories from earlier in the book, when describing how people learned their hearing status. “The Meaning of Sound” draws on the fact that most hearing people believe that Deaf people live in a world without any form of sound. The authors use the concept that most hearing cultures of different concepts of what sounds are, such as a dog barking. While this is a true misconception in the hearing community in regards to the Deaf community it seems to be overly emphasized and detailed in this chapter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The final chapter is titled “Historically Created Lives.” Here the authors reemphasize that their goal of the book is to focus on the way Deaf people live and create culture not on the deafness. This chapter uses examples to emphasize the importance of Deaf history. The authors tell stories of people learning language for the first time. The authors focus on how important it is for Deaf children to learn Deaf history, Deaf culture, ASL and be part of the Deaf community. Finishing this book in this way, deters from the book’s focus on Deaf culture. While describing the stories of those who first learn of Deaf culture is part of the culture, the last chapter becomes preachy and without as much facts and evidence to use those facts. The dated publication is problematic in that it does not include in this chapter of history, [https://www.gallaudet.edu/dpn-home.html]DPN or Deaf President NOW, the protest that was lead at Gallaudet University in the 90’s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Deaf in America, while influential and vital to part of Deaf American history is outdated and needs to be updated. The book is a good source for more secondary sources, but if used itself must be taken with a grain of salt at the date of publication.  The authors use many primary sources to describe current (1980) and past culture and experiences common to Deaf life in America. Deaf in America describes important factors of Deaf American life, including some concepts that for the hearing community would be new and interesting.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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&lt;div&gt;==Book Summaries==&lt;br /&gt;
* Donna Alvah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/women-and-children-first-the-importance-of-gender-and-military-families-in-the-cold-war-era/ Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946-1965] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
* Luis Alvarez. [[The Power of the Zoot|The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance during World War II]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Karen Anderson. [[Wartime Women|Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II]] (1981). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael Aronson. [[Nickelodeon City|Nickelodeon City: Pittsburgh at the Movies, 1905-1929]] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Eric Avila. [[Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight|Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey. [[America’s Army|America’s Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey &amp;amp; David Farber. [[The First Strange Place|The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii]] (1992). &lt;br /&gt;
* Beth Bailey. [[From Front Porch to Back Seat|From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America]] (1989).&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark Brilliant. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/californication-race-ethnicity-and-unity-in-twentieth-century-california/ Californication: Race, Ethnicity, and Unity in Twentieth Century California] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* Amy Bridges. [[Morning Glories]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Laura Briggs. [[Reproducing Empire|Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Alan Brinkley. [[Voices of Protest|Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, &amp;amp; the Great Depression]] (1983). &lt;br /&gt;
* Charlotte Brooks. [[Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends|Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California]] (2009).&lt;br /&gt;
* Catherine Fisher Collins. [[The Imprisonment of African American Women| The Imprisonment of African American Women: Causes, Conditions, and Future Implications]] (1997). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert Caro. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/dog-days-classics-robert-caros-controversial-portrait-of-robert-moses-and-new-york/ The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York](1974)&lt;br /&gt;
* Shawn Clements. [[Deaf in America|Deaf in America: Voices of a Culture]](1988).&lt;br /&gt;
* Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for the Nation and Chicago] (2001)&lt;br /&gt;
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[A Consumers’ Republic|A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America]] (2003). &lt;br /&gt;
* Lizabeth Cohen. [[Making a New Deal|Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Nancy F. Cott. [[Public Vows|Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Pete Daniel, [[Lost Revolutions|Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s]] (2000)&lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Davis. [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Davis &amp;amp; Michael Sprinker. [[Magical Urbanism|Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael J. Dear. [[The Postmodern Urban Condition]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert C. Donnelly. [[Dark Rose]] (2011). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven Erie. [[Globalizing L.A.|Globalizing L.A.: Trade, Infrastructure, and Regional Development]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven P. Erie. [[Beyond Chinatown|Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* Elizabeth Ewen. [[Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars]] (1985). &lt;br /&gt;
* Dannelly Farrow. [[Dixie&amp;#039;s Daughters]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* Barbara Ferman. [[Challenging the Growth Machine|Challenging the Growth Machine: Neighborhood Politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Marcie Ferris and Mark Greenberg. [[Jewish Roots in Southern Soil|Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* John M. Findlay. [[Magic Lands|Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After 1940]] (1993). &lt;br /&gt;
* Steven Gregory. [[Black Corona|Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Jason Hackworth. [[The Neoliberal City|The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism]] (2006). &lt;br /&gt;
* William Ivy Hair. [[Carnival of Fury|Carnival of Fury: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900]] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Tona J. Hangen.  [[Redeeming the Dial|Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America]]  (2013). &lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew Hartman. [[A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars]] (2015)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chester W. Hartman. [[Yerba Buena|Yerba Buena: land grab and community resistance in San Francisco,]] (1974). &lt;br /&gt;
* Georgina Hickey. [[Hope and Danger in the New South City|Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940]] (2005). &lt;br /&gt;
* Richard Hofstadter. [[The American Political Tradition|The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it]] (1989). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Horowitz. [[Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”|Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism]] (2000).&lt;br /&gt;
* John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. [[Lots of Parking|Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Martinez HoSang. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/erasing-race-whiteness-california-and-the-colorblind-bind/ Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California](2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* Jonathan Hughes (Editor)&amp;amp; Simon Sadler (Editor).[[Non-Plan|Non-Plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism]] (2000). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel Hurewitz. [[Bohemian Los Angeles|Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Marilynn S. Johnson. [[The Second Gold Rush|The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II]] (1994). &lt;br /&gt;
* Tony Judt. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/neoliberalisms-license-to-ill/ Ill Fares the Land] (2011).&lt;br /&gt;
* Larry D. Kramer. [[The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review]] (2004).&lt;br /&gt;
* Joel Kotkin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/americas-ace-in-the-hole-is-of-course-its-awesomeness/ The Next Hundred Million:America in 2050] (2010)&lt;br /&gt;
* Kevin M. Kruse. [[White Flight|White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Matthew D. Lassiter. [[The Silent Majority|The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South]] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
*Gary L. Lehring. [[Officially Gay|The Political Construction of Sexuality by the U. S. Military]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* William R. Leach. [[Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture]] (1994). &lt;br /&gt;
* Michael F. Logan. [[Fighting Sprawl and City Hall|Fighting Sprawl and City Hall: Resistance to Urban Growth in the Southwest]] (1995). &lt;br /&gt;
* Fredrik Logevall. [[Choosing War|Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam]] (1999). &lt;br /&gt;
* Roger W. Lotchin. [[Fortress California, 1910-1961|Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Lisa Lowe. [[Immigrant Acts|Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Robert S. Lynd &amp;amp; Helen Merrell Lynd. [[Middletown|Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture]] (1959).&lt;br /&gt;
* Catherine Lutz. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Nancy MacLean. [[Freedom Is Not Enough|Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Isaac Martin. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/05/04/stalking-the-tax-man-the-pervasive-influence-of-the-property-tax-revolt/ The Permanent Tax Revolt: How Property Tax Transformed America] (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
* Douglas Massey &amp;amp; Nancy Denton. [[American Apartheid|American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass]] (1993). &lt;br /&gt;
* Elaine Tyler May. [[America and The Pill|America and The Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation]] (2010). &lt;br /&gt;
* Carol Lynn McKibben. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town] (2012).&lt;br /&gt;
* Lisa McGirr. [[Suburban Warriors|Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* James Miller. [[Flowers in the Dustbin|Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977]] (2000). &lt;br /&gt;
* Glen M. Mimura. [[Ghostlife of the Third Cinema|Ghostlife of Third Cinema: Asian American Film and Video]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* John Hull Mollenkopf. [[The Contested City]] (1983). &lt;br /&gt;
* Maggi M. Morehouse.  [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Man and Women Remember World War II] (2000).&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward P. Morgan. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/a-mediating-mess-how-american-post-wwii-media-undermined-democracy/ What Really Happened to the Sixties: How Mass Media Culture Failed American Democracy] (2011)&lt;br /&gt;
* Charles Moskos Jr. and John Sibley Butler. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/double-victory-from-wwii-to-the-avf-african-americans-and-the-u-s-military/ All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way] (1996).&lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew H. Myers. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/3187/ Black, White, and Olive Drab: Racial Integration at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and the Civil Rights Movement] (2006).&lt;br /&gt;
* Armando Navarro. [[The Cristal Experiment|The Cristal Experiment: A Chicano Struggle for Community Control]] (1998). &lt;br /&gt;
* Becky M. Nicolaides. [[My Blue Heaven|My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Anthony M. Petro.  [[After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion]] (2015).&lt;br /&gt;
* Margaret Pugh O’Mara. [[Cities of Knowledge|Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* Gilbert Osofsky. [[Harlem|Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto : Negro New York, 1890-1930]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Rick Perlstein. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/essence-precedes-existence-the-problem-of-identity-politics-in-hurewitzs-bohemian-la/ Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America](2009).&lt;br /&gt;
* Rebecca Jo Plant. [[Mom|Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America]] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* Brenda Gayle Plummer. [[Window on Freedom|Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988]] (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
* Jerald E. Podair. [[The Strike that Changed New York|The Strike that Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis]] (2002).&lt;br /&gt;
* Doris Marie Provine. [[Unequal Under Law|Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs]] (2007). &lt;br /&gt;
* Daniel T. Rodgers. [[Contested Truths|Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence]] (1998). &lt;br /&gt;
* David Roediger. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/dog-days-classics-the-wages-of-whiteness-and-the-white-people-who-love-them/ The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class] (1991).&lt;br /&gt;
* Adam Rome. [[The Bulldozer in the Countryside|The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism]] (2001). &lt;br /&gt;
* Richard Ronald. [[The Ideology of Home Ownership|The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing]] (2008). &lt;br /&gt;
* Jake Rosenfeld. [[What Unions No Longer Do]] (2014). &lt;br /&gt;
* Peter Henry Rossi &amp;amp; Robert A. Dentler. [[The Politics of Urban Renewal|The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings]] (1981).&lt;br /&gt;
* Sheila Rowbotham [[Dreamers of a New Day|Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century]] (2010).&lt;br /&gt;
* Mike Royko. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/dog-days-classics-political-boss-and-midwestern-pharaoh-richard-j-daleys-chicago-legacy/ Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago] (1971)  &lt;br /&gt;
* Roger Sanjek. [[The Future of Us All|The Future of Us All: Race and Neighborhood Politics in New York City]] (1998).&lt;br /&gt;
* Jennifer Scanlon. [[Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown, the Woman Behind Cosmopolitan Magazine]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Bruce Schulman &amp;amp; Bruce J. Schulman. [[The Seventies|The Seventies: The Great Shift In American Culture, Society, And Politics]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Joel Schwartz. [[The New York Approach|The New York Approach: Robert Moses, Urban Liberals, and Redevelopment of the Inner City]] (1993).&lt;br /&gt;
*Gary S. Selby [[Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America&amp;#039;s Struggle for Civil Rights]] (2008)&lt;br /&gt;
* Josh Sides. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/making-san-francisco-josh-sides-erotic-city/ Erotic City: Sexual Revolutions and the Making of Modern San Francisco] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Nayan Shah. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/intimate-citizenship-the-influence-of-marriage-sexuality-and-transience-on-national-membership/Stranger Intimacy:Contesting Race, Sexuality and Law in the American Northwest] (2012). &lt;br /&gt;
* David J. Silbey. [[A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902]] (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
* Rickie Solinger. [[Beggars and Choosers|Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States]] (2002). &lt;br /&gt;
* Allan H. Spear. [[Black Chicago|Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920]] (1969). &lt;br /&gt;
* Todd Swanstrom. [[The Crisis of Growth Politics|The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism]] (1988). &lt;br /&gt;
* Ronald Takaki. [[Hiroshima|Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb]] (1996). &lt;br /&gt;
* Penny M. Von Eschen. [[Satchmo Blows Up The World|Satchmo Blows Up The World: Jazz Ambassadors Play The Cold War]] (2004).&lt;br /&gt;
* Robert Wiebe. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/dog-day-classics-robert-h-wiebe-and-the-search-for-order/ The Search for Order, 1877 - 1920] (1967).&lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew Wiese. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/getting-to-the-mountaintop-the-suburban-dreams-of-african-americans/ Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century] (2004)&lt;br /&gt;
* Rhonda Y. Williams. [[The Politics of Public Housing|The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women’s Struggles Against Urban Inequality]] (2004). &lt;br /&gt;
* William Appleman Williams. [[The Tragedy of American Diplomacy]] (2009). &lt;br /&gt;
* Gwendolyn Wright. [[Building the Dream|Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America]] (1983).&lt;br /&gt;
*Young B. Marilyn. [[The Vietnam Wars|The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990]] (1991).&lt;br /&gt;
*Zimmerman, Andrew. [http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2011/09/26/the-ties-that-bind-the-transnational-trick-of-immobilizing-the-mobile/ Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South] (2010).&lt;br /&gt;
*Washington Harriet. [[Medical Apartheid|Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present]] (2006)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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